India
India ranks 7th in this year´s CCPI, up one spot from the previous CCPI and remaining among the highest performers.
India receives a high ranking in the GHG Emissions and Energy Use categories, but a medium in Climate Policy and Renewable Energy, as in the previous year.
While India is the world’s most populous country, it has relatively low per capita emissions. Our data shows that in the per capita GHG category, the country is on track to meet a benchmark of well below 2°C. While it shows a slightly positive trend in the share of renewable energy, this trend is advancing too slowly.
India still heavily dependent on coal
Our CCPI country experts report that India is trying to meet its National Determined Contribution (NDC), with clear long-term policies in place that focus on promoting renewable energy and providing financial support for domestic manufacturing of renewable energy components. Despite that, India’s growing energy needs are still being met by its heavy reliance on coal, along with oil and gas. This dependence is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions and causes severe air pollution, especially in the cities.
India has relatively high taxes on petrol and diesel, which are intended to act as carbon taxes. The impact of these taxes on consumption remains disputed. While some experts describe them as an effective tool to reduce the consumption of petrol and diesel, others point to the high dependence of the government on these tax revenues.
At the last COP, India, together with China, changed the wording of the cover decision to ‘phase down’ rather than ‘phase out’ fossil fuels. This was a setback for the global commitment to end the fossil fuel era.
Some of our experts also report that large-scale renewable energy projects have negatively affected the livelihoods of local communities through land grabs and unequal distribution. Our experts report that policies are largely mitigative, yet they should also focus on transformative adaptation and disaster risk management. Policymakers should also adopt ecosystem-based solutions and consider equity.
More effective policy implementation is needed
Prime Minister Modi’s announcement at COP26 that India will achieve net-zero emissions by 2070 shows a lack of ambition and political will, according to our experts. The experts therefore call for more effective policy implementation that takes a more bottom-up approach, including the demands of tribal and rural communities. Specifically, they call for a faster phase-out of coal, reduced reliance on gas, and expanded renewable energy. The experts want to see the country fulfil its potential in climate action by moving up the timeline for reaching net zero to no later than 2050. They want to see the creation of people-friendly, climate-friendly, sustainable infrastructure that is affordable, accessible, and available to all, while taking the location’s cultural and social context into account.
Overall, our experts emphasise that while India is among the top performers, it needs to increase its share of renewable energy and raise its targets.
Key Outcomes
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CCPI experts
The following national experts agreed to be mentioned as contributors for this year’s CCPI:
- Nakul Sharma (Climate Action Network South Asia)